Eighteenth Century Islam
Islamic Movements
Usulism (Shi‘i)
Akhbarism (Shi‘i)
Shaykhism (shi‘i)
Zaydi (Shi‘i, Yemen)
Ibadi Kharijites (Oman, Bu Said dynasty)
Bakriyyah Tariqah (neo-Sufi)
Bayyumiyyah Tariqah (popular sufi)
Qadiriyyah Tariqah (oldest tariqah in W. Africa)
Sammaniyah Tariqah
Tayyibiyyah Tariqah (revivalist, militant, political)
Key Eighteenth Century Figures
Sunni
Muhammad Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab (Wahhabi founder)
Shi‘i
Vahid Bihbihani (Usuli founder)
Yusuf Bahrani (18th century Akhbari representative)
Shaykh Ahmad al-Ahsai
Sufi
Ahmad Ibn Idris al-Fasi (neo-sufi founder)
Abd al-Ghani al-Nablusi (d. 1731, writer, member of Naqshbandiyyah)
Mustafa ibn Kamal al-Din al-Bakri (d. 1748, student of Nablusi, founder of Bakriyyah – a branch of Khalwatiyyah)
Umar Makram (Egyptian spokesman at turn of 19th cent. After Nepoleaon invasion)
Ali al-Bayyumi (d. 1769, hadith scholar, founder of Bayyumiyyah, follower of Khalwatiyyah)
Muhammad Murtada al-Zabidi (d. 1791, student of Shah Waliullah, neo-Sufi activist)
Muhammad ibn Salim al-Hifnawi (d. 1767, shaykh al-Azhar, student of Bakri,
Ahmad al-Banna al-Dimyati (d. 1715, Naqshabandi)
Abd al-Rahman ibn Mustafa al-Yadarus (d. 1778, Naqshbandi, itinerant scholar)
Ahmad al-Darqawi (d. 1823)
Mukhtar al-Kunti (d. 1811, revived Qadiriyya and maliki madhhab in West Africa, est. confederation of tribal groups
African Imamates
Ibrahim Musa (aka Karamoko Alifa, d. 1751, proclaimed jihad and est revivalist state in modern Guinea)
Sulayman Bal / Abd al-Qadir (est. imamate in Senegal in 1776 that lasted until French colonized)
Nineteenth Century Islam
Pan-Islamism
Ottoman Empire
Tanzimat
Abdulhamid II
Young Turks (1908 coup)
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Egypt
Urabi Movement (1879-1882)
Muhammad Ali (r. 1805-1849)
Rifa ‘a al-Tahtawi (1801-1873) Islamic modernist
Mustafa Kamil (1874-1908) – Hizb Watani
Qajar Iran
Abbas Mirza
Amir Kabir
Sayyid Muhammad Baqir Shaft Isfahani d. 1844
Shi‘i Iraq
Mortaza al-Ansari (d. 1864)
Ayatollah Shirazi (d. 1895)
India
Ahmad Brelwi
Muhammadiyyah Tariqah
Tutu Mir
Fara’idiyyah (militant)
Sayyid Ahmad Khan
Nadwat, al-Ulama
Ahmadiyyah movement – Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Padri movement (kaum puteh)
Russia
Naqshbandiyyah
Shihab al-Din Marjani
Africa
Muhammad Ahmad (Sudanese Mahdi, 1848-85), Samaniyyah preacher, led by jihad against Egypt, est. an independent Mahdist state
Khatmiyya (Sudan) – founded by Mirghani, student of Ibn Idris
Sanusiyyah (N and C. Africa)
Ahmadiyyah (S Arabia, E Africa)
Shadhiliyyah
Shaykh Muhammad Ma‘ruf
Salihiyyah (E. Africa), founded by Muhammad ibn Salih, led by Muhammad Abdallah
Hasan (1864-1921) called the Mad Mulla by British, anti-imperialist jihadi, ties with Ahmad Ibn Idris
Uthman Dan Fodio (1754-1817), jihadi, est a theocratic empire
Ma Ba d. 1867, jihadi in Senegal
Ahmad Bamba, d. 1927, est. suborder of Qadiriyyah called Murids, developed agriculture under French rule
Qadiriyyah (Mauritania), suborder called the Fadliyyah, defeated by French
Rabih al-Zubayr (1845-1900, supporter of Sudanese Mahdi, ruler in Chad, defeated by French
Samori Ture (1830-1900), est. empire in W Africa, declared himself an almami, defeated by French in 1898, died in exile
Tunisia
Khayr al-Din Pasha – reformist thinker and PM
Morocco
Tijaniyyah Tariqah (neo-Sufi)
Sanusiyyah
Libya
Sanusiyyah - led by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi (1787-1859), student of Ibn Idris, adaptationists, Libyan nationalists
Algeria
Darqawiyya
Tijaniyyah (associated with French)
Amir Abd al-Qadir (militant anti-colonialist)
Arabia
Saudi-Wahhabi state
Zaydi fundamentalism
Muhammad al-Shawkani (1760-1834) – Zaydi fundamentalist
Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi (1876-1923) – local dynasty in Asir
China
New Sect, led by Ma Ming-hsin in Kansu province, revolts in 1781 and 1783
